Statute of Limitations on Refunds­

Posted on by katemley

Statute of Limitations on Refunds­—IRC 6511


The Tax Court in the case of Applegarth v. Comm’r, filed December 10, 2024 at T.C. Memo 2024-107, does a good job of exploring the various statutes associated with entitlement to refunds and whether or not equitable tolling has any effect on those statutes. The IRS issued Notices of Deficiencies on two periods – 2014 and 2015, causing the Taxpayer to petition the Court.  Seems the taxpayer in this case did nearly everything correctly, except file his return timely.  For both years, he filed extensions.  And, for both years, he paid significant sums of money towards his tax debt before the due date of the extended return.  He just didn’t file his returns and ultimately the IRS sent him notices of deficiencies based on estimated taxes.  For 2014, the IRS determined there was a $4,465 deficiency, but his return reflected an overpayment of $78,472.  For 2015 the IRS determined there was a deficiency of $25,576 and the return showed an overpayment of $9,603.  While the Court explored many statutes, it is worth highlighting this one in part: 6511(a): “[c]laim for refund of an overpayment of any tax imposed by this title in respect of which tax the taxpayer is required to file a return shall be filed by the taxpayer within 3 years from the time the return was filed or 2 years from the time the tax was paid, whichever of such periods expires the later, or if no return was filed by the taxpayer within 2 years from the time the tax was paid.”  All payments of tax were beyond the statutory time frames of this provision.  The taxpayer conceded that if these rules applied, he was out of luck. However, he attempted to argue that equitable tolling should apply. The common law concept that allows a statute to stop running for equitable reasons. The opinion is short on explanation of the taxpayer’s rationale, but through its analysis of the statutes concludes that: “in our view neither statutory provision permits equitable tolling.” 

Fraud and Statute of Limitations

Posted on by katemley

IRC Section 6501(c)(1)

The United States Tax Court in George S. Harrington v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue handed down an opinion on July 26, 2021 at Docket No. 13531-18, in which it ruled that the taxpayer fraudulently underreported his income for some years at issue and therefore, his argument that the three year statute of limitations found in IRC 6501(a) barred assessment was not valid. This case has an entertaining fact pattern that includes details of the European lumber exporting trade to Canada, bank arrangements in the Cayman Islands and deposit activity in Swiss Bank Accounts. The key transaction at issue, and its evolution over time, relates to the sale of taxpayer’s home that resulted in the availability of $350,000. Taxpayer invested these funds with his former employer’s lawyer into a Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS) account under the name of Reed International, Ltd., a Cayman Islands entity. In 2009, the United States entered into a deferred prosecution agreement with UBS based on charges of conspiracy to defraud the U.S. by impeding the IRS in the ascertainment, computation, assessment and collection of taxes during the period 2002-2007. The taxpayer’s account was closed by UBS, at which point, a UBS banker connected him with a Swiss National who suggested the taxpayer invest in a life insurance policy in Liechtenstein. Ultimately the life insurance policy was canceled and the assets were moved into a bank account in taxpayer’s wife’s name…also in Liechtenstein. Needless to say, none of the income attributable to the offshore accounts appeared on taxpayer’s self-prepared tax returns. The IRS examined taxpayer based on documentation from the deferred prosecution agreement obtained from UBS and proposed assessments. The taxpayer argued that the notice of deficiency was issued more than six years after the period of limitations began to run. However, IRC Section 6501(c)(1) provides that where the taxpayer filed a false or fraudulent return with the intent to evade tax, there is no statute of limitations on assessment. The last half of the opinion, some twenty pages, explores the details of the fraud provision and ultimately allows for partial assessment beyond the normal statutory timeframe.